A jail sentence for protecting his sources would have a chilling effect on journalists and whistleblowers. Investigative journalism would not be possible without leaks, especially in the United States where nearly all information related to national security is classified.

Risen, who has repeatedly said that he would protect his sources’ identity at all costs, told Reporters Without Borders today that he “will continue to fight.”

His lawyer, Joel Kurtzberg, said that they were “disappointed” by the Supreme Court decision.

"We can only hope that the government will not proceed to hold James in contempt. A lot of uncertainty remains, it will depend on how the government will proceed the case."

On 27 May, Attorney General Eric H. Holder Jr declared: “As long as I’m attorney general, no reporter who is doing his job is going to go to jail. As long as I’m attorney general, someone who is doing their job is not going to get prosecuted.”

“Forcing Risen to testify would be a serious violation to the confidentiality of sources,” said Camille Soulier, the head of the Reporters Without Borders Americas desk.

“Risen is a Pulitzer Prize winner and a renowned investigative journalist. Sending him to jail would make reporting on national security issues a crime, and would set a dangerous legal precedent.”

At a press conference organized by Reporters Without Borders at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C., on 11 February 2014, James Risen asserted that the Obama Administration was the most willing to control information in all of U.S. modern history.

“This is an Orwellian state claiming to be the most transparent,” he said.

Reporters Without Borders regularly condemns the war that the Obama admnistration is waging against whistleblowers like Edward Snowden and Chelsea Manning (formely known as Bradley Manning). Eight alleged whistleblowers have been charged under the Espionage Act since Barack Obama became president in 2009, compared to three in all previous administrations combined.

Passing a shield law which would allow journalists to protect their sources at the federal level is more crucial than ever. The current bill under discussion in the Senate still has major flaws, particularly regarding national security reporting.

The United States is ranked at the 46th position in the Reporters Without Borders 2014 World Press Freedom Index. It fell 13 places in comparison with 2013.